Uyini Usayizi Wembotshana Wesihlungi Sensimbi Ye-Sintered?

Izihlungi Zensimbi Ze-Sintered: Isixazululo Se-Pore-fect

Izihlungi zensimbi ezine-sintered, ezakhiwe ngezinhlayiya zensimbi ezihlanganiswe ndawonye, ​​zingamathuluzi abalulekile ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene. Isakhiwo sazo esinezimbotshana esiyingqayizivele, esibonakala ngezimbotshana ezixhumene, sizenza zikwazi ukuhlunga kahle uketshezi namagesi. Usayizi walezi zimbotshana, ngokuvamile ezikalwa ngama-microns, uyisici esibalulekile esinquma ukusebenza kwesihlungi.

lapha sizohlola nawe emhlabeni wosayizi wezimbotshana ezihlungiwe zensimbi ezisinkiwe. Sizohlola ukuthi usayizi wezimbotshana unqunywa kanjani, umthelela wawo ekusebenzeni kahle kokuhlunga, kanye nendima yawo ekuthuthukiseni ukukhethwa kwesihlungi kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile.

Siyini Isihlungi Sensimbi Sintered?

A isihlungi sensimbi esine-sinterediwumshini wokuhlunga okhethekile owenziwe ngenqubo yokukhiqiza ebizwa ngokuthi i-sintering. Le nqubo ihilela ukuhlanganisa izimpushana zensimbi zibe sesimweni esithile bese ziwashisisa ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu—ngaphandle kokuncibilikisa izinto. Njengoba izimpushana zensimbi zishiselwa, izinhlayiya ziyahlangana, zakhe isakhiwo esiqinile, esinezimbotshana ezenza lezi zihlungi zisebenze kahle kakhulu ekuhlukaniseni izinhlayiya eziwuketshezi noma amagesi.

Inqubo ye-Sintering

1.Powder Ukulungiselela: Okokuqala, izimpushana zensimbi—ngokuvamile ezenziwe ngezinto ezifana nensimbi engagqwali, ithusi, noma amanye ama-alloys—zikhethwa ngokucophelela futhi zilinganiselwe ngokusekelwe ezintweni ezifunwayo zesihlungi.

2.Ukuqina: Impushana yensimbi elungisiwe ibe isicindezelwa ibe yisimo esithile, njengediski, ishubhu, noma ipuleti, ukuze ivumelane nohlelo lokuhlunga oluhlosiwe.

3.Ukucula: Insimbi ehlanganisiwe ifudunyezwa endaweni elawulwayo kuya kuzinga lokushisa elingaphansi nje kwephuzu layo lokuncibilika. Le nqubo yokushisisa ibangela ukuba izinhlayiya zihlangane, okuholela ekwakhekeni okuqinile kodwa okunezimbotshana.

Izinzuzo Eziyinhloko Zezihlungi Zensimbi Ezihlanganisiwe

*Ukuqina:

Izihlungi zensimbi ezi-sintered zidume ngamandla azo kanye nokuqina. Bangakwazi ukubekezelela izimo ezimbi kakhulu, okuhlanganisa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, ukucindezela okuphezulu, namakhemikhali anolaka, okubenza bafanelekele izicelo eziqinile zezimboni.

*Ukumelana nokugqwala:

Izihlungi eziningi zensimbi ezine-sintered zenziwe ngezinto ezifana nensimbi engagqwali, ezimelana kakhulu nokugqwala, eziqinisekisa ukusebenza okuhlala isikhathi eside ngisho nasezimweni ezinzima.

*Ukusebenziseka kabusha:

Izihlungi zensimbi ezine-sintered zivame ukuklanywa ukuthi zihlanzwe futhi ziphinde zisetshenziswe izikhathi eziningi, zinikeza enye indlela ebiza izindleko nevumelana nemvelo kuzihlungi ezilahlwayo.

*Ukulawula Usayizi Wezimbotshana Eziqondile:

Inqubo ye-sintering ivumela ukulawula okunembile phezu kosayizi wembotshana yesihlungi kanye nokwakheka, okuvumela izixazululo zokuhlunga ngokwezifiso eziklanyelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile.

*Amazinga Okugeleza aphezulu:

Ngenxa yesakhiwo sazo esivulekile, esinezimbotshana, izihlungi zensimbi ezine-sintered zenza kube lula ukugeleza okuphezulu, okusiza ukunciphisa ukwehla kwengcindezi futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokuhlunga.

*Ukumelana Nokushisa Okuphezulu:

Lezi zihlungi ziklanyelwe ukumelana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa amandla azo emishini noma ukusebenza kahle kokuhlunga, okuzenza zilungele izindawo ezishisa kakhulu.

Ukuqonda Usayizi Wembotshana Ekuhlungeni

Usayizi we-Porekumongo wokuhlunga kubhekise kububanzi obumaphakathi bezikhala noma izikhala ngaphakathi kwendawo yokuhlunga. Ipharamitha ebalulekile enquma ikhono lesihlungi lokuthwebula izinhlayiya zosayizi othile.

Ukubaluleka Kosayizi Wembotshana

*Ukuthwebula ingxenyana:

Isihlungi esinosayizi omncane wembotshana singathwebula izinhlayiya ezincane, kuyilapho isihlungi esinosayizi omkhulu wembotshana sivumela izinhlayiya ezinkulu ukuthi zidlule.

*Ukuhlunga Ngempumelelo:

Usayizi wembotshana uthinta ngqo ukusebenza kahle kokuhlunga. Usayizi wembotshana omncane ngokuvamile uholela ekusebenzeni okuphezulu, kodwa futhi ungakhuphula ukwehla kwengcindezi.

*Izinga lokugeleza:

Ubukhulu bembotshana buphinde buthinte izinga lokugeleza koketshezi ngesihlungi. Amasayizi ama-pore amakhulu avumela amazinga okugeleza aphezulu, kodwa angase afake engozini ukusebenza kahle kokuhlunga.

Ukulinganisa Usayizi Wembotshana

Amasayizi we-Pore kuzihlungi zensimbi ezi-sintered ngokuvamile akalwa ngazoama-microns(µm) nomaama-micrometer. I-micron iyingxenye yesigidi semitha. Ngokulawula inqubo ye-sintering, abakhiqizi bangakhiqiza izihlungi ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene bezimbotshana, kusukela kuma-microns ambalwa kuya kumakhulu ama-microns.

Usayizi othize wembotshana odingekayo wohlelo oluthile uncike ohlotsheni lwezinto ezingcolile okufanele zisuswe kanye nezinga elifiswayo lokuhlunga kahle.

Unqunywa Kanjani Usayizi We-Pore Kuzihlungi Zensimbi Ze-Sintered?

Iusayizi we-poreyesihlungi sensimbi esine-sintered sithonywa ngokuyinhloko izici ezimbalwa:

*Ukwakheka kwezinto:Uhlobo lwempushana yensimbi esetshenzisiwe kanye nokusatshalaliswa kosayizi wezinhlayiyana kuthinta kakhulu usayizi wokugcina wembotshana.

*Sintering Temperature:Amazinga okushisa aphezulu e-sintering ngokuvamile aholela kumasayizi amancane embotshana njengoba izinhlayiya zensimbi zibophana ziqine kakhulu.

*Isikhathi sokuphumula:Izikhathi ezinde ze-sintering nazo zingaholela kumasayizi amancane wembobo.

*Compact Pressure:Ukucindezela okusetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa kuthinta ukuminyana kwempushana yensimbi, okubuye kube nomthelela kusayizi wembotshana.

Izigaba Zosayizi Wezimbotshana Ezijwayelekile

Izihlungi zensimbi ezine-sintered zingenziwa ngebanga elibanzi losayizi wezimbotshana, ngokuvamile ukusuka kuma-microns ambalwa ukuya kumakhulu ama-microns. Usayizi othize wembotshana odingekayo uncike kuhlelo lokusebenza.

Ukuhlola Nokulinganisa Usayizi Wembotshana

Kusetshenziswa izindlela ezimbalwa ukuze kunqunywe usayizi wembotshana wokusatshalaliswa kwezihlungi zensimbi ezine-sintered:

1.Isivivinyo Sokuvunyelwa Komoya:

Le ndlela ikala izinga lokugeleza komoya ngesihlungi ekwehleni kwengcindezi ethile. Ngokuhlaziya izinga lokugeleza, isilinganiso sosayizi wembotshana singalinganiselwa.

2.Isivivinyo sokugeleza kwe-Liquid:

Ngokufanayo nokuhlolwa kokungena komoya, le ndlela ikala izinga lokugeleza koketshezi ngesihlungi.

3.I-Microscopy:

Amasu afana nokuskena i-electron microscopy (SEM) angasetshenziswa ukubuka ngokuqondile ukwakheka kwezimbotshana nokukala amasayizi embotshana ngayinye.

4.Isivivinyo Sephuzu Lebhamuza:

Le ndlela ihilela ukwandisa kancane kancane ingcindezi yoketshezi kuwo wonke isihlungi kuze kube yilapho amabhamuza akheka. Ingcindezi lapho amabhamuza avela khona ihlobene nosayizi wembotshana encane kakhulu.

Ngokulawula ngokucophelela inqubo ye-sintering nokusebenzisa izindlela zokuhlola ezifanele, abakhiqizi bangakhiqiza izihlungi zensimbi ezinezimbotshana ezinezimbotshana ezinembile ukuze zihlangabezane nezidingo ezithile zokuhlunga.

I-Standard Pore size Ranges for Sintered Metal Filters

Izihlungi zensimbi ze-Sintered zitholakala ngezinhlobonhlobo zamasayizi we-pore, ngayinye ilungele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile. Nazi ezinye izinhlobo zosayizi wezimbotshana ezijwayelekile kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo okujwayelekile:

*1-5µm:

Lawa masayizi ama-pore amahle alungele ukuhlungwa okunembe okuphezulu, njengokuhlunga amagciwane, amagciwane, nezinye izinhlayiya ezincane. Zivame ukusetshenziswa ezimbonini zemithi, zezokwelapha, kanye ne-semiconductor.

*5-10µm:

Lobu bubanzi bufanele ukuhlungwa kwebanga eliphakathi, kususwa izinhlayiya ezifana nothuli, impova, nokunye ukungcola okusemoyeni. Zivame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokuhlunga komoya, izinjini ze-turbine yegesi, nezinhlelo ze-hydraulic.

*10-50µm:

Lawa masayizi ama-pore amaholo asetshenziselwa ukuhlunga okumahhadla, ukususa izinhlayiya ezinkulu njengokungcola, isihlabathi, nama-chips ensimbi. Zivame ukusetshenziswa ezinqubweni zezimboni, ezifana nokuhlunga uwoyela kanye nokwelashwa kwamanzi.

*50 µm nangaphezulu:

Izimbotshana ezimahhadlahhadla kakhulu zisetshenziselwa ukuhlunga ngaphambilini, kususwa imfucumfucu emikhulu ngaphambi kokuba kulimaze izihlungi ezingezansi. Zivame ukusetshenziselwa izicelo zezimboni ukuvikela amaphampu nama-valve.

Ukunemba Okuphezulu vs. Ukuhlunga Okumaholo

*Ukuhlunga Okunembe Kakhulu:

Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusebenzisa izihlungi ezinosayizi abahle kakhulu bezimbotshana ukuze kukhishwe izinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu. Kubaluleke kakhulu ezimbonini lapho ukuhlanzeka kwemikhiqizo nokuhlanzeka kubaluleke kakhulu, njengezemithi, i-electronics, kanye ne-biotechnology.

*Ukuhlunga okuqinile:

Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusebenzisa izihlungi ezinosayizi abakhulu bezimbotshana ukuze kukhishwe izinhlayiya ezinkulu. Ivame ukusetshenziswa ezinqubweni zezimboni ukuvikela imishini kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kohlelo lonke.

Ngokuqonda ububanzi obuhlukene bosayizi wezimbotshana kanye nezicelo zabo, ungakhetha isihlungi sensimbi esine-sintered esifanele ukuze uhlangabezane nezidingo zakho zokuhlunga.

Ukubaluleka Kokukhetha Usayizi Wembotshana Ofanele

Uthwebule ngokunembile amaphuzu abalulekile mayelana nokukhetha usayizi wembotshana kuzihlungi zensimbi ezine-sintered.

Ukuze uthuthukise ukuqonda kwalesi sihloko, cabanga ukwengeza lawa maphuzu engeziwe:

1. Ukucatshangelwa okuqondene nohlelo lokusebenza:

*Ukusabalalisa Usayizi Wengxenye:

Ukusatshalaliswa kosayizi wezinhlayiya ezizohlungwa kufanele kuhlaziywe ukuze kutholwe usayizi wembotshana ofanele.

*I-Viscosity ye-Fluid:

I-viscosity yoketshezi ingathinta izinga lokugeleza ngesihlungi, kube nomthelela ekukhethweni kosayizi wembobo.

*Izimo zokusebenza:

Izinto ezifana nezinga lokushisa, ukucindezela, nendawo ebolayo kungaba nomthelela ekusebenzeni kwesihlungi kanye nokukhethwa kwezinto.

2. Ukukhethwa Kwemidiya Yokuhlunga:

*Ukuhambelana kokubalulekile:

Izinto zokuhlunga kufanele zihambisane noketshezi oluhlungwayo ukuze kugwenywe ukugqwala noma ukusabela kwamakhemikhali.

*Ukujula kwesihlungi:

Izihlungi ezijulile ezinezendlalelo eziningi zesihlungi semidiya zinganikeza ukusebenza kahle kokuhlunga okuphezulu, ikakhulukazi ukususwa kwezinhlayiya ezinhle.

3. Ukuhlanza Nokugcina Isihlungi:

*Izindlela zokuhlanza:

Ukukhetha indlela yokuhlanza (isb., ukuwashwa ngemuva, ukuhlanza amakhemikhali) kungaphazamisa impilo nokusebenza kwesihlungi.

*Ukumiselela Kwesihlungi:

Ukushintshwa kwesihlungi okuvamile kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ukusebenza kokuhlunga okuphelele nokuvimbela ukulimala kwesistimu.

Ngokucubungula lezi zici ngokucophelela, onjiniyela bangakhetha isihlungi sensimbi esine-sintered esifaneleka kakhulu sohlelo lwabo lokusebenza oluthile, baqinisekise ukuhlunga okusebenzayo nokuthembekile.

Izicelo zezihlungi ze-Sintered Metal Ngokusekelwe Kusayizi Wembotshana

Izihlungi zensimbi ezine-sintered zithola izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisabalele kuzo zonke izimboni ezihlukahlukene, usayizi wembobo oyisici esibalulekile ekunqumeni ukufaneleka kwazo. Nazi ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibalulekile:

Izicelo zezimboni

Ukucubungula Amakhemikhali:

1 Ukuhlunga okuhle:Isetshenziselwa ukususa ukungcola kanye nama-catalysts ezinqubweni zamakhemikhali.

2 Ukuhlunga okumahhadla:Isetshenziselwa ukuvikela amaphampu nama-valve emfucumfucwini.

Ukudla Nesiphuzo:

1 Ukuhlunga kwesiphuzo:Isetshenziselwa ukususa izinhlayiya nama-microorganisms kubhiya, iwayini, nezinye iziphuzo.

2Ukucubungula ukudla:Isetshenziselwa ukuhlunga amafutha, ama-syrups, neminye imikhiqizo yokudla.

Ukuhlunga Kwemithi:

1 Ukuhlunga okungenanyumba:Isetshenziselwa ukususa amagciwane kanye nokunye ukungcola emikhiqizweni yezemithi.

2 Ukuhlunga kokucacisa:Isetshenziselwa ukususa izinhlayiya nokungcola ezixazululweni zezidakamizwa.

Izicelo Zezimoto Nezasemoyeni

*Ukuhlungwa kwamafutha:

Ukuhlunga okuhle:Isetshenziselwa ukususa ukungcola okungalimaza ama-injection kaphethiloli nezinjini.

Ukuhlunga okuqinile:Isetshenziselwa ukuvikela amaphampu kaphethiloli namathangi emfucumfucwini.

*Ukuhlunga Amafutha:

Ukuhlunga uwoyela wenjini:Isetshenziselwa ukususa ukungcola okunganciphisa ukusebenza kwenjini neminyaka yokuphila.

Ukuhlunga uwoyela weHydraulic:Isetshenziselwa ukuvikela amasistimu we-hydraulic ukuthi angagugi.

*Izicelo ze-Aerospace:

Ukuhlungwa kwamafutha kanye ne-hydraulic fluid:

Isetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukwethembeka kwezinhlelo ezibucayi ezindizeni nasemkhathini.

Ukuhlunga Amanzi Negesi

*Ukuhlunga Amanzi:

Ukuhlunga ngaphambilini:Isetshenziselwa ukususa izinhlayiya ezinkulu kanye nemfucumfucu emithonjeni yamanzi.

Ukuhlunga okuhle:Isetshenziselwa ukususa okuqinile okumisiwe, amagciwane, nokunye ukungcola.

*Ukuhlunga Kwegesi:

Ukuhlunga komoya:Isetshenziselwa ukususa uthuli, impova, nezinye izinhlayiya ezihamba emoyeni.

Ukuhlanzwa kwegesi:Isetshenziselwa ukususa ukungcola kumagesi ezimboni.

Ukukhetha Usayizi Wezimbotshana Kuzo zonke Izicelo

Ukukhethwa kosayizi wembotshana yesihlungi sensimbi esine-sintered kuyahlukahluka ngokuya ngohlelo lokusebenza. Ezinye izici ezibalulekile ezithonya ukukhethwa kosayizi wembobo zihlanganisa:

*Usayizi nohlobo lokungcola:Ubukhulu kanye nemvelo yezinhlayiya ezizokhishwa inquma usayizi wembotshana odingekayo.

*I-viscosity ye-Fluid:I-viscosity yoketshezi ingathinta izinga lokugeleza ngesihlungi, kube nomthelela ekukhethweni kosayizi wembobo.

*Izinga lokugeleza elifiselekayo:Usayizi wembotshana omkhudlwana uvumela amazinga okugeleza aphezulu, kodwa angase afake engozini ukusebenza kahle kokuhlunga.

*Ukwehla kwengcindezi:Usayizi omncane wembotshana ungakhuphula ukwehla kwengcindezi kuso sonke isihlungi, okungase kube nomthelela ekusebenzeni kahle kwesistimu nokusetshenziswa kwamandla.

Ngokucubungula lezi zici ngokucophelela, onjiniyela bangakhetha usayizi wembotshana ofanele wohlelo olunikeziwe, baqinisekise ukuhlunga okusebenzayo nokuthembekile.

Izinzuzo Zokusebenzisa Izihlungi Zensimbi Ezihlanganisiwe ezinobukhulu Bezimbotshana Ezithize

Izihlungi zensimbi ezihlanganisiwe zinikeza izinzuzo eziningi, ikakhulukazi uma usayizi wembotshana ukhethwe ngokucophelela:

*Ukuqina Nokuphila Isikhathi Eside:

Izihlungi ze-Sintered metal ziqinile kakhulu futhi zingamelana nezimo zokusebenza ezinzima, okuhlanganisa amazinga okushisa aphezulu, izingcindezi, kanye nezindawo ezigqwalile.

*Ukumelana Okuphezulu Nokushisa Nokugqwala:

Izihlungi eziningi zensimbi ezine-sintered zenziwe ngezinto ezifana nensimbi engagqwali nama-nickel alloys, abonisa ukumelana okuhle kakhulu nokushisa nokugqwala.

*Ukuhlanza nokulungisa okulula:

Izihlungi zensimbi ezine-sintered zingahlanzwa kalula futhi zisetshenziswe kabusha, kunciphise izindleko zokusebenza.

*Ukuzinza Ngaphansi Kwezimo Zokusebenza Ezidlulele:

Lezi zihlungi zingagcina ubuqotho bazo besakhiwo nokusebenza kokuhlunga ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu, njengezinga lokushisa eliphezulu nezingcindezi.

*Ukwenza ngokwezifiso Izidingo Eziqondile Zokuhlunga:

Ngokulawula inqubo ye-sintering, abakhiqizi bangakhiqiza izihlungi ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene bezimbotshana, okuvumela ukwenza ngokwezifiso izidingo ezithile zokuhlunga.

Izinselelo Ekukhetheni Usayizi Wembotshana Ofanele

Nakuba izihlungi zensimbi ezine-sintered zinikeza izinzuzo eziningi, kunezinselelo ezihlobene nokukhetha usayizi wembotshana ofanele:

*Amathuba okuvala noma ukungcolisa:

Uma usayizi wezimbotshana mncane kakhulu, isihlungi singase sivaleke ngezinhlayiya, sinciphise izinga lokugeleza nokusebenza kahle kokuhlunga.

*Ukulinganisa Ukusebenza Nezindleko Nokuphila Isikhathi Eside:

Ukukhetha isihlungi esinosayizi wembotshana ocoleke kakhulu kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuhlunga kodwa kungase kwenyuse ukwehla kwengcindezi futhi kunciphise izinga lokugeleza. Kubalulekile ukulinganisa lezi zici ukuze uthuthukise ukusebenza nokunciphisa izindleko.

*Ukukhethwa kokubalulekile:

Ukukhethwa kwezinto zensimbi ezine-sintered kungaba nomthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni kwesihlungi, izindleko, nokuqina. Insimbi engagqwali iyinketho edumile yokumelana nokugqwala namandla, kodwa ezinye izinto ezifana nama-alloys ethusi ne-nickel zingase zifaneleke kakhulu ezisetshenziswa ezithile.

Isiphetho

Usayizi wembotshana wesihlungi sensimbi esine-sintered uyisici esibalulekile esinquma ukusebenza kokuhlunga kwayo.

Ngokuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi kosayizi wembotshana, izinga lokugeleza, nokwehla kwengcindezi, onjiniyela

bangakhetha isihlungi esilungile sohlelo lwabo lokusebenza oluthile.

Nakuba izihlungi zensimbi ezine-sintered zinikeza izinzuzo eziningi, kufanele kucatshangelwe ngokucophelela

izici ezifana nosayizi wezimbotshana, ukukhetha kwezinto ezibonakalayo, nezimo zokusebenza.

Uma ungaqiniseki ngosayizi ongcono kakhulu wezimbotshana zohlelo lwakho lokusebenza, kuyanconywa ukuthi uthintane naye

ochwepheshe bokuhlunga abanganikeza isiqondiso nezincomo.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Q1: Imuphi usayizi wembotshana omncane kakhulu otholakala kuzihlungi zensimbi ezine-sintered?

Izihlungi zensimbi ezine-sintered zingakhiqizwa ezinosayizi wezimbotshana ezincane njengama-microns ambalwa.

Kodwa-ke, usayizi omncane wembotshana ofinyelelekayo uncike kumpushana wensimbi othize kanye nenqubo yokucwilisa.

I-Q2: Ingabe izihlungi zensimbi ezine-sintered zingenziwa ngezifiso amasayizi athile we-pore?

Yebo, izihlungi zensimbi ezine-sintered zingenziwa ngezifiso amasayizi athile we-pore ngokulawula inqubo yokufaka,

njengezinga lokushisa, isikhathi, nomfutho.

Q3: Usayizi we-pore uthinta kanjani ukwehla kwengcindezi ohlelweni lokuhlunga?

Osayizi bembotshana abancane baholela ekwehleni kwengcindezi ephezulu kusihlungi.

Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izimbotshana ezincane zikhawulela ukugeleza koketshezi, okudinga ukucindezela okwengeziwe ukuze kuphoqe uketshezi ngesihlungi.

I-Q4: Ingabe izihlungi zensimbi ezine-sintered zingasetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokushisa okuphezulu?

Yebo, izihlungi zensimbi ezenziwe nge-sintered ezenziwe ngezinto ezisezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu njengensimbi engagqwali nama-nickel alloys

ingasetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokushisa eziphezulu.

Umkhawulo wokushisa othize uncike ezintweni zokuhlunga kanye nezimo zokusebenza.

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